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<title>Byzantine Crete</title>

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Byzantine Crete

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</style><table class="infobox ib-former-subdiv vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Crete<div class="ib-former-subdiv-native nickname">Κρήτη (Krḗtē)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category">Province of the <a href="Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 297 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 824/827 961–1205</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <a href="Diocese_of_Macedonia" title="Diocese of Macedonia">Diocese of Macedonia</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 400</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Gortyn" title="Gortyn">Gortyn</a> (until 820s) <a href="Heraklion" title="Heraklion">Chandax</a> (from 961)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Crete separated     from <a href="Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 297</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="Emirate_of_Crete" title="Emirate of Crete">Muslim conquest</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 824 or 827</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Byzantine reconquest </div></th><td class="infobox-data">960–961</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a> / <a href="Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a>     conquest </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1205</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">

<td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> Preceded by</td>

<td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;">Succeeded by

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<td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="Creta_et_Cyrenaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Creta et Cyrenaica">Creta et Cyrenaica</a>

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<td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="Emirate_of_Crete" title="Emirate of Crete">Emirate of Crete</a>

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<td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="Emirate_of_Crete" title="Emirate of Crete">Emirate of Crete</a>

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<td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="Kingdom_of_Candia" title="Kingdom of Candia">Kingdom of Candia</a>

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</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

The island of <a href="Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> came under the rule of the <a href="Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> in two periods: the first extends from the late antique period (3rd century) to the conquest of the island by <a href="Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Andalusian</a> exiles in the late 820s, and the second from the island's reconquest in 961 to its capture by the competing forces of <a href="Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a> and <a href="Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a> in 1205.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Byzantine_period">First Byzantine period</h3></div>

Under <a href="Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> rule, Crete was part of the joint <a href="Roman_province" title="Roman province">province</a> as <a href="Crete_and_Cyrenaica" title="Crete and Cyrenaica">Crete and Cyrenaica</a>. Under <a href="Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> (r. 284–305) it was formed as a separate province, while <a href="Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> (r. 306–337) subordinated it to the <a href="Diocese_of_Moesiae" title="Diocese of Moesiae">Diocese of Moesiae</a> (and later the <a href="Diocese_of_Macedonia" title="Diocese of Macedonia">Diocese of Macedonia</a>) within the <a href="Praetorian_prefecture_of_Illyricum" title="Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum">praetorian prefecture of Illyricum</a>, an arrangement that persisted until the end of <a href="Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">late antiquity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ODB545-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-DOAKS-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Some administrative institutions, like the venerable <a href="Koinon" title="Koinon">Koinon</a> of the island, persisted until the end of the fourth century,<a href="#cite_note-Detorakis129-4">[4]</a> but as elsewhere in the empire these provincial civic institutions were abandoned in face of the increasing power of imperial officials.

Few contemporary sources mention Crete during the period from the 4th century to the Muslim conquest in the 820s. During this time, the island was very much a quiet provincial backwater in the periphery of the Greco-Roman world.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Its bishops are even absent from the <a href="First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a> in 325, in contrast to neighbouring islands like <a href="Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a> or <a href="Kos" title="Kos">Kos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> With the exception of an attack by the <a href="Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> in 457 and the great earthquakes of <a href="365_Crete_earthquake" title="365 Crete earthquake">9 July 365</a>, 415, 448 and 531, which destroyed many towns, the island remained peaceful and prosperous, as testified by the numerous, large and well-built monuments from the period surviving on the island.<a href="#cite_note-ODB546-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> In the 6th-century <a href="Synecdemus" title="Synecdemus">Synecdemus</a>, Crete is marked as being governed by a <a href="Consularis" title="Consularis">consularis</a>, with capital at <a href="Gortyn" title="Gortyn">Gortyn</a>, and as many as 22 cities.<a href="#cite_note-Detorakis129-4">[4]</a> The population in this period is estimated as high as 250,000, and was almost exclusively Christian, except for some Jews living in the main urban centres.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a>

This peace was broken in the 7th century. Crete suffered a raid by the <a href="Sclaveni" title="Sclaveni">Slavs</a> in 623,<a href="#cite_note-ODB546-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> followed by Arab raids in 654 and the 670s, during the first wave of the <a href="Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">early Muslim conquests</a>,<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> and again during the first decades of the 8th century, especially under Caliph <a href="Al-Walid_I" title="Al-Walid I">al-Walid I</a> (r. 705–715).<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Thereafter the island remained relatively safe, under the rule of an <a href="Archon#Byzantine_Empire" title="Archon">archon</a> appointed by <a href="Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DOAKS-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> In ca. 732, the emperor <a href="Leo_III_the_Isaurian" title="Leo III the Isaurian">Leo III the Isaurian</a> transferred the island from the jurisdiction of the <a href="Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> to that of the <a href="Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchate of Constantinople">Patriarchate of Constantinople</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ODB546-7">[7]</a> A <a href="Strategos" title="Strategos">strategos</a> of Crete is attested in 767, and a seal of a <a href="Tourmarches" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourmarches">tourmarches</a> of Crete is known. This has led to suggestions that the island was constituted as a <a href="Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">theme</a> in the 8th century, perhaps as early as the 730s.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Most scholars however do not consider the evidence conclusive enough and think it unlikely that the island was a theme at the time.<a href="#cite_note-ODB545-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-DOAKS-2">[2]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arab_conquest_and_Byzantine_reconquest">Arab conquest and Byzantine reconquest</h3></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the period of Arab rule, see <a href="Emirate_of_Crete" title="Emirate of Crete">Emirate of Crete</a>.</div>

Byzantine rule lasted until the late 820s, when a large group of exiles from <a href="Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Muslim Spain</a> landed on the island and began its conquest. The Byzantines launched repeated expeditions to drive them back, and seem to have appointed a strategos to administer what parts of the island they still controlled. The successive campaigns were defeated however, and failed to prevent the establishment of the <a href="Saracen" title="Saracen">Saracen</a> stronghold of <a href="Chandax" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandax">Chandax</a> on the northern coast, which became the capital of the new <a href="Emirate_of_Crete" title="Emirate of Crete">Emirate of Crete</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DOAKS-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-ODB546-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The fall of Crete to the Arabs posed a major headache for Byzantium, as it opened the coasts and islands of the <a href="Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a> to piracy.<a href="#cite_note-ODB546-7">[7]</a>

A major Byzantine campaign in 842/843 under <a href="Theoktistos" title="Theoktistos">Theoktistos</a> made some headway, and apparently allowed for the re-establishment of the recovered parts of the island as a <a href="Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">theme</a>, as evidenced by the presence of a strategos of Crete in the contemporary <a href="Taktikon_Uspensky" title="Taktikon Uspensky">Taktikon Uspensky</a>. However Theoktistos had to abandon the campaign, and the troops left behind were quickly defeated by the Saracens.<a href="#cite_note-DOAKS-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Further Byzantine attempts at reconquest in 911 and 949 failed disastrously,<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> until in 960–961 the general <a href="Nikephoros_II_Phokas" title="Nikephoros II Phokas">Nikephoros Phokas</a>, at the head of a huge army, landed on the island and <a href="Siege_of_Chandax" title="Siege of Chandax">stormed Chandax</a>, restoring Crete to Byzantium.<a href="#cite_note-ODB546-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Treadgold495-23">[23]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Byzantine_period">Second Byzantine period</h3></div>

After the reconquest, the island was organized as a regular theme, with a strategos based at Chandax. Extensive efforts at conversion of the populace were undertaken, led by <a href="John_Xenos" title="John Xenos">John Xenos</a> and <a href="Nikon_the_Metanoeite" title="Nikon the Metanoeite">Nikon the Metanoeite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ODB546-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Treadgold495-23">[23]</a> A regiment (taxiarchia) of 1000 men was raised as the island's garrison, under a separate taxiarches and subdivided into <a href="Tourma" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourma">tourmai</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DOAKS-2">[2]</a>

Under <a href="Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios I Komnenos</a> (r. 1081–1118), the island was ruled by a <a href="Dux" title="Dux">doux</a> or <a href="Katepano" title="Katepano">katepano</a>. By the early 12th century, it came, along with southern Greece (the themes of <a href="Hellas_(theme)" title="Hellas (theme)">Hellas</a> and the <a href="Peloponnese_(theme)" title="Peloponnese (theme)">Peloponnese</a>) under the overall control of the <a href="Megas_doux" title="Megas doux">megas doux</a>, the commander-in-chief of the <a href="Byzantine_navy" title="Byzantine navy">Byzantine navy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DOAKS-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-ODB546-7">[7]</a> Aside from the revolt of its governor, Karykes, in 1092/1093, the island remained a relatively peaceful backwater, securely in Byzantine hands until the <a href="Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DOAKS-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-ODB546-7">[7]</a> During the Crusade, Crete appears to have been granted to <a href="Boniface_I%2C_Marquess_of_Montferrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Boniface I, Marquess of Montferrat">Boniface I, Marquess of Montferrat</a> as a <a href="Pronoia" title="Pronoia">pronoia</a> by the emperor <a href="Alexios_IV_Angelos" title="Alexios IV Angelos">Alexios IV Angelos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Boniface however, unable to extend his control to the island, sold his rights to the island to the <a href="Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a>. In the event, the island was seized by the Venetians' rivals, the <a href="Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a>,<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> and it took Venice until 1212 to secure her control over the island and establish it as a Venetian colony, the <a href="Kingdom_of_Candia" title="Kingdom of Candia">Kingdom of Candia</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governors">Governors</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Office_of_governor">Office of governor</h3></div>

According to the <a href="Notitia_Dignitatum" title="Notitia Dignitatum">Notitia Dignitatum</a> and the <a href="Synekdemos" class="mw-redirect" title="Synekdemos">Synekdemos</a>, Crete was governed by a <a href="Consularis" title="Consularis">consularis</a> belonging to the senatorial rank of <a href="Clarissimus" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarissimus">clarissimus</a> between the 4th and 6th centuries. It was one of only four provinces of this rank or higher in the praetorian prefecture of Illyricum, the other eight being of lower rank.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988156-26">[26]</a> In 539, there is a lone attestation of a <a href="Proconsul" title="Proconsul">proconsul</a> with the rank of <a href="Vir_spectabilis" class="mw-redirect" title="Vir spectabilis">spectabilis</a>, suggesting that the province had been upgraded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988157-27">[27]</a>

The status of the province after <a href="Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">early Muslim conquests</a>, when the theme system was being instituted is unclear. It may have been part of the theme of <a href="Hellas_(theme)" title="Hellas (theme)">Hellas</a> or <a href="Peloponnese_(theme)" title="Peloponnese (theme)">Peloponnese</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988166–167-28">[28]</a> It was a separate province governed by <a href="Archon" title="Archon">archons</a> (an archontia) from the first half of the eighth century. These are mostly known from seals and can be ordered and dated only approximately.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988173–174-29">[29]</a> An archontia lacked the military resources of a theme and Crete's lower status relative to the themes was probably a factor in its inability to resist the Arab incursions without major expeditionary forces sent from elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988177–178-30">[30]</a>

Crete is not included in any surviving list of themes, either Byzantine or Arab. In the <a href="Taktikon_Uspensky" title="Taktikon Uspensky">Taktikon</a> of 842/843, there is reference to both a "patrician and strategos of Crete" and an "archon of Crete", implying that Crete had recently been raised to a theme and its governors from archon to <a href="Strategos" title="Strategos">strategos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988169–170-31">[31]</a> This was probably a response to the Arab invasion. According to the <a href="Theophanes_Continuatus" title="Theophanes Continuatus">Continuations of Theophanes</a>, the Emperor <a href="Michael_II" title="Michael II">Michael II</a> (820–829) appointed <a href="Photeinos_(strategos)" title="Photeinos (strategos)">Photeinos</a> "to govern the affairs of Crete",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988168–169-32">[32]</a> probably around 828. He was probably the first strategos, although his authority would have been limited by the Arab conquests. With the failure of the campaign of Theoktistos in 843, the theme of Crete ceased to exist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988173–174-29">[29]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_governors">List of governors</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="List_of_rulers_of_Crete" title="List of rulers of Crete">List of rulers of Crete</a></div>

<dl><dt>Proconsul</dt></dl>

<ul><li>Helios (539)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988157-27">[27]</a></li></ul>

<dl><dt>Archon</dt></dl>

<ul><li>Theophanes Lardotyros (c. 764–767), also called strategos and <a href="Satrap" title="Satrap">archisatrap</a> in the Vita of <a href="Stephen_the_Younger" title="Stephen the Younger">Stephen the Younger</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988171-33">[33]</a></li>

<li>John (8th century), <a href="Paraphylax" title="Paraphylax">paraphylax</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988168–169-32">[32]</a></li>

<li>Leo (8th century), imperial <a href="Spatharios" title="Spatharios">spatharios</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988168–169-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988361–368-34">[34]</a></li>

<li>Basil (8th century), imperial spatharios<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988168–169-32">[32]</a></li>

<li>Baasakios (8th/9th century), imperial spatharios<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988168–169-32">[32]</a></li>

<li>Nicholas (8th/9th century), imperial spatharios and hypatos<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988168–169-32">[32]</a></li>

<li>Nicholas (8th/9th century), imperial spatharios<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988361–368-34">[34]</a></li>

<li>Petronas (first years of the 9th century), imperial spatharios<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988361–368-34">[34]</a></li>

<li>Constantine (first quarter of the 9th century), imperial spatharios<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988168–169-32">[32]</a></li></ul>

<dl><dt>Strategos</dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Photeinos_(strategos)" title="Photeinos (strategos)">Photeinos</a> (c. 828)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988173–174-29">[29]</a></li>

<li>Michael (10th/11th century), <a href="Dishypatos" title="Dishypatos">dishypatos</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988361–368-34">[34]</a></li>

<li>Basil (c. 1000), patrician<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988361–368-34">[34]</a></li>

<li>Bracheon Philaretos (c. 1028), <a href="Protospatharios" title="Protospatharios">protospatharios</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988361–368-34">[34]</a></li>

<li>Eumathios (1028), protospatharios<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988361–368-34">[34]</a></li></ul>

<dl><dt>Doux (katepano)</dt></dl>

<ul><li>Michael Karantenos (1088–1089), <a href="Vestarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestarch">vestarch</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988361–368-34">[34]</a></li>

<li><a href="Karykes" title="Karykes">Karykes</a> (1090–1092)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988361–368-34">[34]</a></li>

<li>Nikephoros Diogenes (before 1094), son of Romanos IV<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988361–368-34">[34]</a></li>

<li>Michael (11th/12th century)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988361–368-34">[34]</a></li>

<li>John Elladas (1118), <a href="Protoproedros" class="mw-redirect" title="Protoproedros">protoproedros</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988361–368-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOikonomidis1980309–310-35">[35]</a></li>

<li>John Straboromanos (mid-12th century)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988361–368-34">[34]</a></li>

<li>Alexios Kontostephanos (1167), nephew of Manuel I<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988361–368-34">[34]</a></li>

<li>Constantine Doukas (1183)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988361–368-34">[34]</a></li>

<li>Stephen Kontostephanos (1193)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988361–368-34">[34]</a></li>

<li>Nikephoros Kontostephanos (1197)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988361–368-34">[34]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

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</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;">

<li id="cite_note-ODB545-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ODB545_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODB545_1-1">b</a> Kazhdan (1991), p. 545

</li>

<li id="cite_note-DOAKS-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DOAKS_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOAKS_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOAKS_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOAKS_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOAKS_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOAKS_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOAKS_2-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOAKS_2-7">h</a> Nesbitt & Oikonomides (1994), p. 94

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Detorakis (1986), pp. 128–129

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Detorakis129-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Detorakis129_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Detorakis129_4-1">b</a> Detorakis (1986), p. 129

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Detorakis (1986), p. 128

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Hetherington (2001), p. 60

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ODB546-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ODB546_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODB546_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODB546_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODB546_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODB546_7-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODB546_7-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODB546_7-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODB546_7-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODB546_7-8">i</a> Kazhdan (1991), p. 546

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Hetherington (2001), p. 61

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Detorakis (1986), pp. 131–132

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Detorakis (1986), pp. 130–131

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Detorakis (1986), p. 132

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Treadgold (1997), pp. 313, 325

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Detorakis (1986), pp. 132–133

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Detorakis (1986), p. 133

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Treadgold (1997), p. 378

</li>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

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</style><cite id="CITEREFHerrin1986" class="citation book cs1">Herrin, Judith (1986). "Crete in the conflicts of the Eighth Century". Αφιέρωμα στον Νίκο Σβορώνο, Τόμος Πρώτος. Rethymno: Crete University Press. pp. 113–126.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Detorakis (1986), pp. 129–130

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Makrypoulias (2000), pp. 347–348

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Makrypoulias (2000), p. 351

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Treadgold (1997), p. 447

</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Makrypoulias (2000), pp. 352–356

</li>

<li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Treadgold (1997), pp, 470, 489

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Treadgold495-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Treadgold495_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Treadgold495_23-1">b</a> Treadgold (1997), p. 495

</li>

<li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Treadgold (1997), p. 710

</li>

<li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Treadgold (1997), pp. 712, 715

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988156-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988156_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTsougarakis1988">Tsougarakis 1988</a>, p. 156.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988157-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988157_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988157_27-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTsougarakis1988">Tsougarakis 1988</a>, p. 157.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988166–167-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988166–167_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTsougarakis1988">Tsougarakis 1988</a>, pp. 166–167.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988173–174-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988173–174_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988173–174_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988173–174_29-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFTsougarakis1988">Tsougarakis 1988</a>, pp. 173–174.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988177–178-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988177–178_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTsougarakis1988">Tsougarakis 1988</a>, pp. 177–178.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988169–170-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988169–170_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTsougarakis1988">Tsougarakis 1988</a>, pp. 169–170.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988168–169-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988168–169_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988168–169_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988168–169_32-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988168–169_32-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988168–169_32-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988168–169_32-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988168–169_32-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFTsougarakis1988">Tsougarakis 1988</a>, pp. 168–169.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988171-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988171_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTsougarakis1988">Tsougarakis 1988</a>, p. 171.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988361–368-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988361–368_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988361–368_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988361–368_34-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988361–368_34-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988361–368_34-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988361–368_34-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988361–368_34-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988361–368_34-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988361–368_34-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988361–368_34-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988361–368_34-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988361–368_34-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988361–368_34-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988361–368_34-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988361–368_34-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988361–368_34-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsougarakis1988361–368_34-16">q</a> <a href="#CITEREFTsougarakis1988">Tsougarakis 1988</a>, pp. 361–368.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOikonomidis1980309–310-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOikonomidis1980309–310_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOikonomidis1980">Oikonomidis 1980</a>, pp. 309–310.

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div>

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<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFDetorakis1986" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Detorakis, Theocharis E. (1986). Ιστορία της Κρήτης [History of Crete] (in Greek). Athens. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/715204595">715204595</a>.</cite><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHetherington2001" class="citation cs2">Hetherington, Paul (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8JRMAAAAYAAJ">The Greek Islands. Guide to the Byzantine and Medieval Buildings and their Art</a>, London, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-899163-68-9</bdi></cite><code class="cs1-code">{{citation}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFKazhdan1991" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="Alexander_Kazhdan" title="Alexander Kazhdan">Kazhdan, Alexander</a>, ed. (1991). <a href="Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium" title="Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium">The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</a>. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-19-504652-8</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMakrypoulias2000" class="citation cs2">Makrypoulias, Christos G. (2000), "Byzantine Expeditions against the Emirate of Crete c. 825–949", Graeco-Arabica (7–8): 347–362</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFNesbittOikonomides1994" class="citation book cs1">Nesbitt, John; <a href="Nicolas_Oikonomides" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolas Oikonomides">Oikonomides, Nicolas</a>, eds. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_JcHD7HAA0cC">Catalogue of Byzantine Seals at Dumbarton Oaks and in the Fogg Museum of Art, Volume 2: South of the Balkans, the Islands, South of Asia Minor</a>. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-88402-226-9</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFOikonomidis1980" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="Nicolas_Oikonomides" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolas Oikonomides">Oikonomidis, N.</a> (1980). "Οι αυθένται των Κρητών το 1118" [The lords of the Cretans in 1118]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anemi.lib.uoc.gr/metadata/0/6/1/metadata-1643884844-836717-19947.tkl">Πεπραγμένα του Δ' Διεθνούς Κρητολογικού Συνεδρίου, Ηράκλειο, 29 Αυγούστου - 3 Δεκεμβρίου 1976. Τόμος Β′ Βυζαντινοί και μέσοι χρόνοι</a> (in Greek). Athens: University of Crete. pp. 308–317.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFTreadgold1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Warren_Treadgold" title="Warren Treadgold">Treadgold, Warren</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nYbnr5XVbzUC">A History of the Byzantine State and Society</a>. Stanford, California: <a href="Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8047-2630-2</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFTsougarakis1988" class="citation book cs1">Tsougarakis, Dimitris (1988). Byzantine Crete: From the 5th Century to the Venetian Conquest. Athens: Historical Publications St. D. Basilopoulos. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>960-7100-04-2</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

</div>

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</style><div id="History_of_Crete41" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="History_of_Crete" title="History of Crete">History</a> of <a href="Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan period</a></li>

<li><a href="Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenean period</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Crete#Classical,_Hellenistic,_Roman,_Byzantine_and_Arab_Crete" title="History of Crete">Classical and Hellenistic period</a></li>

<li>Roman period

<ul><li><a href="Cretan_League" title="Cretan League">Cretan League</a></li>

<li><a href="Crete_and_Cyrenaica" title="Crete and Cyrenaica">Crete and Cyrenaica</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Emirate_of_Crete" title="Emirate of Crete">Arab period</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Candia" title="Kingdom of Candia">Venetian period</a>

<ul><li><a href="Revolt_of_Saint_Titus" title="Revolt of Saint Titus">Revolt of Saint Titus</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cretan_War_(1645%E2%80%931669)" title="Cretan War (1645–1669)">Cretan War</a>

<ul><li><a href="Siege_of_Candia" title="Siege of Candia">Siege of Candia</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ottoman_Crete" title="Ottoman Crete">Ottoman period</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cretan_Revolt_(1841)" title="Cretan Revolt (1841)">1841 revolt</a></li>

<li><a href="Cretan_revolt_(1866%E2%80%931869)" title="Cretan revolt (1866–1869)">Great Cretan Revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Cretan_revolt_(1878)" title="Cretan revolt (1878)">1878 revolt</a></li>

<li><a href="Cretan_Revolt_(1897%E2%80%931898)" title="Cretan Revolt (1897–1898)">1897–1898 revolt</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cretan_State" title="Cretan State">Cretan State</a>

<ul><li><a href="Theriso_revolt" title="Theriso revolt">Theriso revolt</a></li></ul></li>

<li>World War II

<ul><li><a href="Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a></li>

<li><a href="Cretan_resistance" title="Cretan resistance">Resistance</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Byzantine_Greece226" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#66023C;color:gold;"><div id="Byzantine_Greece226" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Byzantine_Greece" title="Byzantine Greece">Byzantine Greece</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; background: #FFDEAD;color:black;">Provinces and regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Achaea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaea (Roman province)">Achaea Province</a></li>

<li><a href="Aegean_Sea_(theme)" title="Aegean Sea (theme)">Theme of the Aegean</a></li>

<li><a href="Hellas_(theme)" title="Hellas (theme)">Theme of Hellas</a></li>

<li><a href="Samos_(theme)" title="Samos (theme)">Theme of Samos</a></li>

<li><a href="Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia Province</a></li>

<li><a href="Macedonia_(theme)" title="Macedonia (theme)">Theme of Macedonia</a></li>

<li><a href="Strymon_(theme)" title="Strymon (theme)">Theme of Strymon</a></li>

<li><a href="Thessalonica_(theme)" title="Thessalonica (theme)">Theme of Thessalonica</a></li>

<li><a href="Peloponnese_(theme)" title="Peloponnese (theme)">Theme of the Peloponnese</a></li>

<li><a href="Cephallenia_(theme)" title="Cephallenia (theme)">Theme of Cephallenia</a></li>

<li><a href="Nicopolis_(theme)" title="Nicopolis (theme)">Theme of Nicopolis</a></li>

<li><a href="Sclaviniae" class="mw-redirect" title="Sclaviniae">Sclaviniae</a>

<ul><li><a href="Melingoi" title="Melingoi">Melingoi</a> and <a href="Ezeritai" title="Ezeritai">Ezeritai</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tsakonia" title="Tsakonia">Tsakonia</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Vlachia" title="Great Vlachia">Great Vlachia</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; background: #FFDEAD;color:black;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a></li>

<li><a href="Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a></li>

<li><a href="Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a></li>

<li><a href="Irene_of_Athens" title="Irene of Athens">Irene of Athens</a></li>

<li><a href="Danielis" title="Danielis">Danielis</a></li>

<li><a href="Nikephoros_I" title="Nikephoros I">Nikephoros I</a></li>

<li><a href="Basil_I" title="Basil I">Basil I</a></li>

<li><a href="Nikephoros_II_Phokas" title="Nikephoros II Phokas">Nikephoros II Phokas</a></li>

<li><a href="Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a></li>

<li><a href="Nikephoros_Melissenos" title="Nikephoros Melissenos">Nikephoros Melissenos</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_Choniates" title="Michael Choniates">Michael Choniates</a></li>

<li><a href="Leo_Sgouros" title="Leo Sgouros">Leo Sgouros</a></li>

<li><a href="Leo_Gabalas" title="Leo Gabalas">Leo Gabalas</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_I_Komnenos_Doukas" title="Michael I Komnenos Doukas">Michael I Komnenos Doukas</a></li>

<li><a href="Theodore_Komnenos_Doukas" title="Theodore Komnenos Doukas">Theodore Komnenos Doukas</a></li>

<li><a href="Demetrios_Chomatenos" title="Demetrios Chomatenos">Demetrios Chomatenos</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Apokaukos" title="John Apokaukos">John Apokaukos</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_II_Komnenos_Doukas" title="Michael II Komnenos Doukas">Michael II Komnenos Doukas</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII Palaiologos</a></li>

<li><a href="John_I_Doukas_of_Thessaly" title="John I Doukas of Thessaly">John I Doukas of Thessaly</a></li>

<li><a href="Nikephoros_I_Komnenos_Doukas" title="Nikephoros I Komnenos Doukas">Nikephoros I Komnenos Doukas</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_I_Komnenos_Doukas" title="Thomas I Komnenos Doukas">Thomas I Komnenos Doukas</a></li>

<li><a href="Gregory_Palamas" title="Gregory Palamas">Gregory Palamas</a></li>

<li><a href="Demetrios_Kydones" title="Demetrios Kydones">Demetrios Kydones</a></li>

<li><a href="Catalan_Company" title="Catalan Company">Catalan Company</a></li>

<li><a href="Nicholas_Orsini" title="Nicholas Orsini">Nicholas Orsini</a></li>

<li><a href="Andronikos_Asen" title="Andronikos Asen">Andronikos Asen</a></li>

<li><a href="John_II_Orsini" title="John II Orsini">John II Orsini</a></li>

<li><a href="Andronikos_III_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos III Palaiologos">Andronikos III Palaiologos</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_Monomachos" title="Michael Monomachos">Michael Monomachos</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Angelos_(sebastokrator)" title="John Angelos (sebastokrator)">John Angelos</a></li>

<li><a href="Stephen_Gabrielopoulos" title="Stephen Gabrielopoulos">Stephen Gabrielopoulos</a></li>

<li><a href="Nikephoros_II_Orsini" title="Nikephoros II Orsini">Nikephoros II Orsini</a></li>

<li><a href="Manuel_Kantakouzenos" title="Manuel Kantakouzenos">Manuel Kantakouzenos</a></li>

<li><a href="Simeon_Uro%C5%A1" title="Simeon Uroš">Simeon Uroš</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Preljubovi%C4%87" title="Thomas Preljubović">Thomas Preljubović</a></li>

<li><a href="Esau_de'_Buondelmonti" title="Esau de' Buondelmonti">Esau de' Buondelmonti</a></li>

<li><a href="Alexios_Angelos_Philanthropenos" title="Alexios Angelos Philanthropenos">Alexios Angelos Philanthropenos</a></li>

<li><a href="Theodore_II_Palaiologos" title="Theodore II Palaiologos">Theodore II Palaiologos</a></li>

<li><a href="Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Gemistos Plethon</a></li>

<li><a href="Constantine_XI_Palaiologos" title="Constantine XI Palaiologos">Constantine XI Palaiologos</a></li>

<li><a href="Demetrios_Palaiologos" title="Demetrios Palaiologos">Demetrios Palaiologos</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Palaiologos" title="Thomas Palaiologos">Thomas Palaiologos</a></li>

<li><a href="Byzantine_bureaucracy_and_aristocracy" title="Byzantine bureaucracy and aristocracy">Byzantine bureaucracy and aristocracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Byzantine_scholars_in_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine scholars in Renaissance">Byzantine scholars in Renaissance</a></li>

<li>Historians: <a href="Niketas_Choniates" title="Niketas Choniates">Niketas Choniates</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Akropolites" title="George Akropolites">George Akropolites</a></li>

<li><a href="Nicephorus_Gregoras" title="Nicephorus Gregoras">Nicephorus Gregoras</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Scylitzes" class="mw-redirect" title="John Scylitzes">John Scylitzes</a></li>

<li><a href="Eustathius_of_Thessalonica" title="Eustathius of Thessalonica">Eustathius of Thessalonica</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_Glykas" title="Michael Glykas">Michael Glykas</a></li>

<li><a href="Anna_Komnene" title="Anna Komnene">Anna Komnene</a></li>

<li><a href="Joannes_Zonaras" title="Joannes Zonaras">Joannes Zonaras</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Kodinos" title="George Kodinos">George Kodinos</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Sphrantzes" title="George Sphrantzes">George Sphrantzes</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; background: #FFDEAD;color:black;">Major centres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a></li>

<li><a href="Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a></li>

<li><a href="Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a></li>

<li><a href="Mystras" title="Mystras">Mystras</a></li>

<li><a href="Patras" title="Patras">Patras</a></li>

<li><a href="Thebes%2C_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a></li>

<li><a href="Ioannina" title="Ioannina">Ioannina</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; background: #FFDEAD;color:black;">Greek states after 1204</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Despotate of Epirus</a></li>

<li><a href="Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Empire of Nicaea</a></li>

<li><a href="Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Empire of Thessalonica</a></li>

<li><a href="Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Despotate of the Morea</a></li>

<li><a href="Medieval_Thessaly" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Thessaly">Thessaly</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; background: #FFDEAD;color:black;"><a href="History_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Byzantine Empire">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Christian_persecution_of_paganism_under_Theodosius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian persecution of paganism under Theodosius I">Persecution of paganism</a></li>

<li><a href="Barbarian_invasions" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbarian invasions">Barbarian invasions</a></li>

<li><a href="Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Heraclian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Heraclian dynasty">Under the Heraclian dynasty</a></li>

<li><a href="Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Byzantine Iconoclasm</a></li>

<li><a href="Siege_of_Thessalonica_(676%E2%80%93678)" title="Siege of Thessalonica (676–678)">Siege of Thessalonica (676–678)</a></li>

<li><a href="Siege_of_Patras_(805_or_807)" title="Siege of Patras (805 or 807)">Siege of Patras (805 or 807)</a></li>

<li><a href="Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_wars" title="Arab–Byzantine wars">Arab–Byzantine wars</a>

<ul><li><a href="Emirate_of_Crete" title="Emirate of Crete">Muslim conquest of Crete</a></li>

<li><a href="Siege_of_Chandax" title="Siege of Chandax">Byzantine reconquest of Crete</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Macedonian_Renaissance" title="Macedonian Renaissance">Macedonian Renaissance</a></li>

<li><a href="Byzantine_conquest_of_Bulgaria" title="Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria">Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria</a></li>

<li><a href="East-West_Schism" class="mw-redirect" title="East-West Schism">East-West Schism</a></li>

<li><a href="Byzantine%E2%80%93Norman_wars" title="Byzantine–Norman wars">Byzantine–Norman wars</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sack_of_Thessalonica_(1185)" title="Sack of Thessalonica (1185)">Sack of Thessalonica (1185)</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a>

<ul><li><a href="Battle_of_the_Olive_Grove_of_Kountouras" title="Battle of the Olive Grove of Kountouras">Battle of the Olive Grove of Kountouras</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Klokotnitsa" title="Battle of Klokotnitsa">Battle of Klokotnitsa</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Pelagonia" title="Battle of Pelagonia">Battle of Pelagonia</a></li>

<li><a href="Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Palaiologos_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty">Under the Palaiologos dynasty</a>

<ul><li><a href="Reconquest_of_Constantinople" title="Reconquest of Constantinople">Reconquest of Constantinople</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Prinitza" title="Battle of Prinitza">Battle of Prinitza</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Makryplagi" title="Battle of Makryplagi">Battle of Makryplagi</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Neopatras" title="Battle of Neopatras">Battle of Neopatras</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Pharsalus_(1277)" title="Battle of Pharsalus (1277)">Battle of Pharsalus (1277)</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Demetrias" title="Battle of Demetrias">Battle of Demetrias</a></li>

<li><a href="Byzantine_civil_war_of_1321%E2%80%931328" title="Byzantine civil war of 1321–1328">Byzantine civil war of 1321–1328</a></li>

<li><a href="Hesychast_controversy" title="Hesychast controversy">Hesychast controversy</a> (<a href="Palamism" title="Palamism">Palamism</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Byzantine%E2%80%93Genoese_War_(1348%E2%80%931349)" title="Byzantine–Genoese War (1348–1349)">Byzantine–Genoese War (1348–1349)</a></li>

<li><a href="Zealots_of_Thessalonica" title="Zealots of Thessalonica">Zealots of Thessalonica</a></li>

<li><a href="Byzantine_civil_war_of_1341%E2%80%931347" title="Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347">Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Byzantine%E2%80%93Ottoman_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine–Ottoman Wars">Byzantine–Ottoman Wars</a>

<ul><li><a href="Siege_of_Thessalonica_(1422%E2%80%931430)" title="Siege of Thessalonica (1422–1430)">Siege of Thessalonica (1422–1430)</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_the_Echinades_(1427)" title="Battle of the Echinades (1427)">Battle of the Echinades (1427)</a></li>

<li><a href="Morea_revolt_of_1453%E2%80%931454" title="Morea revolt of 1453–1454">Morea revolt of 1453–1454</a></li>

<li><a href="Ottoman_conquest_of_the_Morea" title="Ottoman conquest of the Morea">Ottoman conquest of the Morea</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; background: #FFDEAD;color:black;">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine art</a> (<a href="Macedonian_art_(Byzantine)" title="Macedonian art (Byzantine)">Macedonian art</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">Byzantine music</a></li>

<li><a href="Byzantine_literature" title="Byzantine literature">Byzantine literature</a>

<ul><li><a href="Alexander_romance" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander romance">Alexander romance</a></li>

<li><a href="Miracles_of_Saint_Demetrius" title="Miracles of Saint Demetrius">Miracles of Saint Demetrius</a></li>

<li><a href="Greek_Anthology" title="Greek Anthology">Greek Anthology</a></li>

<li><a href="Acritic_songs" title="Acritic songs">Acritic songs</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Byzantine_architecture" title="Byzantine architecture">Byzantine architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Byzantine_dress" title="Byzantine dress">Byzantine dress</a></li>

<li><a href="Byzantine_cuisine" title="Byzantine cuisine">Byzantine cuisine</a></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_Orthodox_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Christianity">Eastern Orthodox Christianity</a></li>

<li><a href="Byzantine_law" title="Byzantine law">Byzantine law</a>

<ul><li><a href="Constantine_Harmenopoulos" title="Constantine Harmenopoulos">Hexabiblos</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; background: #FFDEAD;color:black;">Monuments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Acrocorinth" title="Acrocorinth">Acrocorinth</a></li>

<li><a href="Angelokastro_(Corfu)" title="Angelokastro (Corfu)">Angelokastro (Corfu)</a></li>

<li>Athens

<ul><li><a href="Church_of_the_Holy_Apostles%2C_Athens" title="Church of the Holy Apostles, Athens">Church of the Holy Apostles</a></li>

<li><a href="Daphni_Monastery" title="Daphni Monastery">Daphni Monastery</a></li>

<li><a href="Little_Metropolis" title="Little Metropolis">Little Metropolis</a></li>

<li><a href="Church_of_the_Holy_Trinity%2C_Athens" title="Church of the Holy Trinity, Athens">Soteira Lykodemou</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Castle_of_Chios" title="Castle of Chios">Castle of Chios</a></li>

<li><a href="Church_of_the_Parigoritissa" title="Church of the Parigoritissa">Church of the Parigoritissa</a></li>

<li><a href="Didymoteicho_Fortress" title="Didymoteicho Fortress">Didymoteicho Fortress</a></li>

<li><a href="Feraklos_Castle" title="Feraklos Castle">Feraklos Castle</a></li>

<li><a href="Gardiki_Castle%2C_Corfu" title="Gardiki Castle, Corfu">Gardiki Castle</a></li>

<li><a href="Hexamilion_wall" title="Hexamilion wall">Hexamilion wall</a></li>

<li><a href="Hosios_Loukas" title="Hosios Loukas">Hosios Loukas</a></li>

<li><a href="Kassiopi_Castle" title="Kassiopi Castle">Kassiopi Castle</a></li>

<li><a href="Meteora" title="Meteora">Meteora</a></li>

<li><a href="Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a></li>

<li><a href="Monastery_of_Saint_John_the_Theologian" title="Monastery of Saint John the Theologian">Monastery of Saint John the Theologian</a></li>

<li><a href="Monemvasia" title="Monemvasia">Monemvasia</a></li>

<li><a href="Mystras" title="Mystras">Mystras</a></li>

<li><a href="Nea_Moni_of_Chios" title="Nea Moni of Chios">Nea Moni of Chios</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_Metropolis%2C_Veria" title="Old Metropolis, Veria">Old Metropolis of Veria</a></li>

<li><a href="Panagia_Episkopi" title="Panagia Episkopi">Panagia Episkopi</a></li>

<li><a href="Panagia_Kontariotissa" title="Panagia Kontariotissa">Panagia Kontariotissa</a></li>

<li><a href="Paleochristian_and_Byzantine_monuments_of_Thessaloniki" title="Paleochristian and Byzantine monuments of Thessaloniki">Paleochristian and Byzantine monuments of Thessaloniki</a></li>

<li><a href="Panagia_Ekatontapiliani" title="Panagia Ekatontapiliani">Panagia Ekatontapiliani</a></li>

<li><a href="Patras_Castle" title="Patras Castle">Patras Castle</a></li>

<li><a href="Porta_Panagia" title="Porta Panagia">Porta Panagia</a></li>

<li><a href="Saints_Theodore_Tyro_and_Theodore_Stratelates_Church%2C_Serres" title="Saints Theodore Tyro and Theodore Stratelates Church, Serres">Saints Theodoroi, Serres</a></li>

<li><a href="Trikala_Castle" title="Trikala Castle">Trikala Castle</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_Roman_and_Byzantine_Empire_in_modern_territories102" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History_of_the_Roman_and_Byzantine_Empire_in_modern_territories102" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History of the <a href="Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> and <a href="Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> in modern territories</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_Albania#Greeks_and_Romans" title="History of Albania">Albania (Classical</a> - <a href="Albania_under_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Albania under the Byzantine Empire">Medieval)</a></li>

<li><a href="Mauretania_Caesariensis" title="Mauretania Caesariensis">Algeria</a></li>

<li><a href="Andorra#Iberian_and_Roman_Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li>

<li><a href="Roman_Armenia" title="Roman Armenia">Armenia (Classical</a> - <a href="Byzantine_Armenia" title="Byzantine Armenia">Late Antique)</a></li>

<li><a href="Roman_influence_in_Caucasian_Albania" title="Roman influence in Caucasian Albania">Azerbaijan</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Austria#Roman_era" title="History of Austria">Austria</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_Balkans#Roman_period" title="History of the Balkans">Balkans</a></li>

<li><a href="Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica">Belgium</a></li>

<li><a href="Early_history_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina#Roman_period" title="Early history of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li>

<li><a href="Roman_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Bulgaria">Bulgaria (Classical</a> - <a href="Bulgaria_(theme)" title="Bulgaria (theme)">High Medieval)</a></li>

<li><a href="Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britain (England)</a></li>

<li><a href="Roman_Crimea" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Crimea">Crimea (Classical</a> - <a href="Cherson_(theme)" title="Cherson (theme)">Medieval)</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Croatia#Roman_provinces_of_Pannonia_and_Dalmatia" title="History of Croatia">Croatia</a></li>

<li><a href="Roman_Cyprus" title="Roman Cyprus">Cyprus (Classical</a> - <a href="Cyprus_in_the_Middle_Ages#Byzantine_period" title="Cyprus in the Middle Ages">Medieval)</a></li>

<li><a href="Egypt_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt (Roman province)">Egypt (Classical ~ Late Antique)</a></li>

<li><a href="Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">France</a> (<a href="Corsica_and_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Corsica and Sardinia">Corsica (Classical</a> - <a href="Medieval_Corsica#Eastern_Imperial_suzerainty" title="Medieval Corsica">Early Medieval)</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Roman_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Georgia">Georgia</a></li>

<li><a href="Germania" title="Germania">Germany</a></li>

<li><a href="Roman_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Greece">Greece (Classical</a> - <a href="Byzantine_Greece" title="Byzantine Greece">Medieval)</a> (<a href="Crete_and_Cyrenaica" title="Crete and Cyrenaica">Crete (Classical</a> - )</li>

<li><a href="History_of_Guernsey#Prehistory" title="History of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Hungary_before_the_Hungarian_Conquest" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hungary before the Hungarian Conquest">Hungary</a></li>

<li><a href="Iraq#History" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> <a href="Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">(Classical</a> - <a href="Mesopotamia_(theme)" title="Mesopotamia (theme)">Medieval)</a></li>

<li><a href="Iudaea_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Iudaea Province">Israel (Classical ~ Late Antique)</a></li>

<li><a href="Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Italy (Classical</a> - <a href="Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Medieval)</a> (<a href="Roman_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Sicily">Sicily (Classical</a> - <a href="Sicily_(theme)" title="Sicily (theme)">Medieval)</a>, <a href="Corsica_and_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Corsica and Sardinia">Sardinia (Classical</a> - <a href="Byzantine_Sardinia" title="Byzantine Sardinia">Early Medieval)</a>)</li>

<li><a href="History_of_Jersey#Early_history" title="History of Jersey">Jersey</a> <a href="Gallia_Lugdunensis" title="Gallia Lugdunensis">(Classical)</a></li>

<li><a href="Jordan#Classical_period" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> <a href="Arabia_Petraea" title="Arabia Petraea">(Classical</a> - <a href="Ghassanids" title="Ghassanids">Late Antique/Medieval)</a></li>

<li><a href="Kosovo#Roman_period" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> <a href="Roman_heritage_in_Kosovo" title="Roman heritage in Kosovo">(Classical)</a></li>

<li><a href="Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Kuwait</a></li>

<li><a href="Phoenicia_under_Roman_rule" title="Phoenicia under Roman rule">Lebanon (Classical ~ Late Antique)</a></li>

<li><a href="Roman_Libya" title="Roman Libya">Libya</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Liechtenstein#Antiquity" title="History of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Luxembourg#Early_history" title="History of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Malta#Roman_rule" title="History of Malta">Malta</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="History of Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a></li>

<li><a href="Moesian_Limes#Expansion_beyond" title="Moesian Limes">Moldova</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Monaco#Roman_rule" title="History of Monaco">Monaco</a></li>

<li><a href="Praevalitana" title="Praevalitana">Montenegro</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Morocco#Roman,_and_sub-Roman_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Morocco</a></li>

<li><a href="Romans_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Romans in the Netherlands">The Netherlands</a></li>

<li><a href="North_Africa_during_classical_antiquity#Roman_era" title="North Africa during classical antiquity">North Africa</a></li>

<li><a href="Roman_Palestine" title="Roman Palestine">Palestine (Classical ~ Late Antique)</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Portugal#Romanization" title="History of Portugal">Portugal</a> <a href="Lusitania" title="Lusitania">(Classical)</a></li>

<li><a href="Roman_Dacia" title="Roman Dacia">Romania</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_San_Marino#The_Foundation_Myth" title="History of San Marino">San Marino</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_Romans_in_Arabia" title="History of the Romans in Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> <a href="Limes_Arabicus" title="Limes Arabicus">(Classical)</a></li>

<li><a href="Scotland_during_the_Roman_Empire" title="Scotland during the Roman Empire">Scotland</a></li>

<li><a href="Roman_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Serbia">Serbia</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Slovakia#Iron_Age_and_the_Roman_era" title="History of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Slovenia#Ancient_Romans" title="History of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li>

<li><a href="Hispania" title="Hispania">Spain (Classical</a> - <a href="Byzantine_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Spain">Late Antique)</a></li>

<li><a href="Roman_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li>

<li><a href="Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Syria (Classical ~ Late Antique)</a></li>

<li><a href="Vatican_City#Early_history" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> <a href="Ager_Vaticanus" title="Ager Vaticanus">(Classical</a> - <a href="Duchy_of_Rome" title="Duchy of Rome">Early Medieval)</a></li>

<li><a href="Moesian_Limes#Expansion_beyond" title="Moesian Limes">Ukraine</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Roman-era_Tunisia" title="History of Roman-era Tunisia">Tunisia</a> (<a href="Roman_Carthage" title="Roman Carthage">Roman Carthage</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Roman_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Anatolia">Turkey (Classical</a> - <a href="Byzantine_Anatolia" title="Byzantine Anatolia">Medieval)</a> (<a href="Roman_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Thrace">Thrace (Classical</a> - <a href="Byzantine_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Thrace">Medieval)</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Roman_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Wales">Wales</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-08-06" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Byzantine_Crete&oldid=1304495706">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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